Water, as the source of life, is an indispensable part of the earth's ecosystem and the cornerstone of the sustainable development of human society. However, with the rapid advancement of industrialization, intensification of agricultural production and acceleration of urbanization, water resources are facing unprecedented pollution pressure. Water pollution not only destroys the ecological balance, affects human health, but also restricts the sustainable development of economy and society. Therefore, water pollution control has become the focus of global attention, and its strategy formulation and implementation face many challenges. In recent years, although countries have made remarkable achievements in water pollution prevention and control, the situation is still grim. The continuous increase of pollution sources such as industrial wastewater, agricultural fertilizer and pesticide residues, and domestic sewage leads to the accumulation of pollutants in water bodies and the deterioration of water quality. Serious eutrophication problems still exist in some rivers and lakes, and large-scale outbreaks of cyanobacteria and algae have not only damaged the water landscape, but also seriously affected the water quality safety. In this context, to discuss the strategies and challenges of water pollution prevention and control, not only has important theoretical value, but also has urgent practical significance.